BY ZVIAD KLIMENT LAZARASHVILI, EDITOR-IN-CHIEF
By the first century AD the shores of the Atlantic to India were settled by the people speaking closely related languages: Persians, Greeks, Latins, Armenians, Celts, Germans and even late comers, such as Slavs… communicated in similar dialects, all descended from the Proto-Indo-European tongue spoken in Eurasia about 6,000 years past. But were these the original settlers of Europe? – Certainly not. In fact, these were all invaders. Who lived in Europe before them? Who settled Greece before the Greeks? – Why, the Minoans. Who built Rome before the Latins? – Why, the Trojans. Who created Italy before the Italians? – Why, the Etruscans.
Minoans, Trojans, Etruscans… even for a learned man these are names with very little meaning. Who were these people? Why did they disappear? Any survivors? Any relations?
In modern Europe, there is only one independent nation related to these groups and descended from the original Europeans – Georgians. Yes, those war-like manly men and women bulwarked in the Caucasus while constantly being attacked by violent Muslim conquerors from Arab states to Iran, Turko-Mongol hordes to the Ottomans (and in recent times by the Russian Federation), and nevertheless retained their faith – Christianity, and with it their ethnic and linguistic identity – the most indigenous European look and language unlike any other. Let’s take a short excursion in anthropology:
The term “Caucasian race” was coined by the German philosopher Christoph Meiners in his 1785 work The Outline of History of Mankind. Meiners’ term was given wider circulation in the 1790s by Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, a renouned German professor of medicine and a member of the British Royal Society, who is considered one of the founders of the discipline of anthropology. Johann Friedrich Blumenbach gave the term a wider audience, by grounding it in the new methods of craniometry and Linnean taxonomy. Blumenbach did not credit Meiners with his taxonomy, however, claiming to have developed it himself – although his justification clearly points to Meiners’ aesthetic viewpoint of Caucasus origins:
Caucasian variety – I have taken the name of this variety from Mount Caucasus, both because its neighborhood, and especially its southern slope, produces the most beautiful race of men, I mean the Georgian; and because all physiological reasons converge to this, that in that region, if anywhere, it seems we ought with the greatest probability to place the autochthones (original members) of mankind.
Other than Georgians, there are a few small European nations of the same Proto-European descent: Chechnya, Ingushetia, Circassia and Dagestan (due to most difficult geo-political circumstances, not independent at this time). Many anthropologists and linguists believe that Basques on the Iberian Peninsula and Cappadocians in Anatolia are of the same descent (I strongly believe, Cappadocians are closely related to Meskhi, in other words, Iberian people of Georgia). On the other hand, in Northern Europe we have a non-indigenous group, but unrelated to Indo-Europeans – the Uralic people: the Finns and Estonians (and Hungarians in part).
Many a historian has taken American academe or sometimes even the curious public on a time travel by use of anthropology or, worse yet, archeology. Although entertaining, both are highly flawed techniques of historical expedition. Anthropology is still in its infancy as the DNA analysis is at the early stage of development (candidly, most DNA “experts” are way over their head, although they have scarcely scratched the surface of this interesting science, but won’t admit to this). Archeology, to our chagrin, is full of not only incompetent, but also unethical academics. Here is a simple example: statues of Buddha are frequently found in Viking graves. Does this mean the Vikings were Buddhist, or had a political alliance with modern day China? Let’s not be silly. The simple truth is, the Vikings traded internationally, and had an affinity for gaudy jewelry of the East.
In this short article, I intend to take you on a single linguistic journey through history, where you will travel from Persia to England, from India to Germany, from France to Kurdistan, and from Italy to Arab states. This voyage will show you the true past of Europe, and the stark contrast between the European and Indo-European nations, languages and their cultures. Have a pleasant journey:
Origins of the word “GENESIS”:
Proto-Indo-European “ǵenh-”, “gene-”, “gen(e)-” _ “to produce”, “to beget”, “to give birth”:
Indo-Iranian:
Indo-Arian:
Sanskrit “janati” (“जनति”) _ “to give birth”, “to beget”; “to create”, “to produce”.
Sanskrit “janah” _ “offspring”, “child”, “person”, “descent”.
Sanskrit “janiman” (“जनिमन्”) _ “birth”, “genesis”, “beginning”.
Sanskrit “jatah” _ “born”.
Sanskrit “jana” (“जन”) _ “being”; “people”; “person”:
Hindi “jana” (“जन”) _ “person”, “man”; “people”.
Sanskrit “jaiati” (“जायते”) _ “to be”; “to give birth”, “to beget”;
“to happen”; “to originate”; “to become”.
Sanskrit janas” (“जनस्”) _ “descent”, “race”.
Sanskrit “jaati” (“जाति”) _ “birth”; “kind”, “genus”, “class”, “species”, “race”; “rebirth”:
Hindi “jaati” (“जाति”) _ “birth”; “kind”, “genus”, “class”, “species”, “race”; “high caste”; “tribe”.
Nepali “jaati” (“जाति”) _ “race”.
Telugu “jaati” (“జాతి”) _ “species”; “nation”; “class”, “rank”.
Thai “yaat” (“ญาติ”) _ “a relative”.
Thai “chāt” (“ชาติ”) _ “life”; “birth”; “ancestry”, “parentage”; “type”, “group”, “class”;
“nation”; “people”.
Proto-Iranian “zan-” _ “to give birth”, “to beget”:
Proto-Iranian “azn” _ “of noble birth”, “noble”:
Proto-Iranian “aznabara” _ “aristocrat”, “nobleman”:
Middle Persian “aznavar” _ “aristocrat”, “nobleman”:
Persian “aznavar” (“ازناور”) _ “aristocrat”, “nobleman”.
Georgian barbarism “aznauri” (“aznauri”) _ “Baron”, “lower class nobleman”,
the native word being “tavisufali” (“Tavisufali”).
Armenian “aznavur” (“ազնավուր”) _ “aristocrat”.
Turkish “aznavur” _ “bulky”, “offensive”, “sullen”, “tough”.
Old Persian “zana” _ “man”, “human”; “race”, “clan”.
Avestan Persian “zizanenti” _ “they are giving birth”, “they are producing”.
Avestan Persian “za” _ “to give birth”, “to beget”.
Avestan Persian “sruuōzana”, “srwō.zana-” _ “of the horned race”.
Middle Persian “zadan” _ “to give birth”, “to beget”:
Persian “zadan” (“زادن”) _ “to give birth”, “to beget”:
Persian “zade” (“زاده”) _ “child”, “offspring”:
Persian suffix “-zade” (“زاده”) _ “-son of” (much like prefex “Mc” in Celtic,
or “-shvili” and “-dze” in Georgian last names):
Persian “haram-zada”, “haram-zade” (“حرامزاده”) _ “bastard”:
Georgian barbarism “aramzada” (“aramzada”) _ originally “bastard”,
but now “scoundrel”, “vagabond”.
Kurdish “zan” _ “to give birth”, “to beget”.
Tocharian “aisna” _ “aristocrate”, “nobleman”.
The Tocharians or Tokharians were Indo-European people who inhabited the medieval oasis city-states on the northern edge of the Tarim Basin (modern Xinjiang) China, in ancient times. The Tocharian languages, a branch of the Indo-European family, are known from manuscripts from the 6th to 8th centuries AD. These people were called “Tocharian” by late-19th century scholars who identified them with the Tókharoi described by ancient Greek sources as inhabiting Bactria. Although this identification is now generally considered mistaken, the name has become customary.
Hellenic:
Ancient Greek “geinomai” (“γείνομαι”) _ “to give birth”, “to beget”.
Ancient Greek “gignomai” (“γίγνομαι”), “gignesTai” (“γίγνεσθαι”) _
“to give birth”, “to beget”; “to produce”, “to create”; “to happen”; “to become”:
Ancient Greek “genesis” (“γένεσις”) _ “genesis”, “beginning”, “creation”:
Latin “genesis” _ “genesis”, “beginning”, “creation”:
English “genesis” _ “genesis”, “beginning”, “creation”.
French “genèse” _ “genesis”, “beginning”, “creation”.
Ancient Greek “genea” (“γενεά”) _ “birth”; “race”, “descent”; “generation”; “offspring”:
Modern Greek “genea” (“γενεά”) _ “generation”; “race”:
German “Gen” _ “race”, “descent”; “species”; “gene”.
The word was coined by a Danish botanist, plant physiologist and geneticist
Wilhelm Ludvig Johannsen (1857-1927):
English “gene” _ “gene”, “genetics”.
Russian “ге́н” _ “gene”, “genetics”:
Georgian barbarism “geni” (“geni”) _ “gene”, “genetics”.
Ancient Greek “genetikos” (“γεννητικός”) _ “genetic”:
English “genetics” _ “related to genes and descent”.
The word was coined by an English biologist William Bateson (1861-1926):
Russian “гене́тика” _ “genetics”:
Georgian barbarism “genetika” (“genetika”) _ “genetics”.
Ancient Greek “genealogia” (“γενεαλογία”) _ “genealogy”:
Late Latin “geneālogia” _ “genealogy”:
Russian “генеало́гия” _ “genealogy”:
Georgian barbarism “genealogia” (“genealogia”) _
“genealogy”.
Old French “genealogie” _ “genealogy”:
French “généalogie” _ “genealogy”.
English “genealogy” _ “genealogy”.
Polish “genealogia” _ “genealogy”.
Hellenic:
Ancient Greek “gonos” (“γόνος”) _ “child”, “offspring”, “grandchild”;
“race”, “descent”; “procreation”, “begetting”; “seed”; “genitals”.
Ancient Greek “goni” (“γονή”) _ “child”, “offspring”; “race”, “descent”;
“sexual organs”; “womb”; “birth”, “childbirth”; “procreation”;
“unity” in Pythagorean nomenclature.
Hellenic “génos” _ “family”; “race”, “descent”:
Ancient Greek “genos” (“γένος”) _ “offspring”, “descendant”; “family”,
“clan”; “nation”, “race”; “gender”; “class”, “type”, “kind”:
Modern Greek “genos” (“γένος”) _ “offspring”,
“descendant”; “family”; “race”, “nation”; “gender”;
“type”, “kind”.
Classical Syriac “gens” (“ܓܢܣܐ”) _ “genus”, “kind”, “type”; “family”; “race”, “nation”; “gender”.
Arabic “jens”, “Jens” (“جنس”) _ “genus”, “kind”, “type”; “family”; “race”; “gender”; “sexuality”, “sex”:
Persian “jens” (“جنس”) _ “genus”, “kind”, “type”, “species”; “gender”.
Hellenic “génetōr” _ “creator”, “begetter”; “ancestor”, “father”:
Ancient Greek “genetor” (“γενέτωρ”) _ “creator”, “begetter”; “ancestor”, “father”; “parents”;
“author”; “the begotten”, “son”.
Ancient Greek “genetis” (“γενέτης”) _ “creator”, “begetter”; “ancestor”, “father”; “parents”;
“author”; “the begotten”, “son”.
Proto-Italic “gignō” _ “to give birth”, “to beget”; “to create”, “to produce”:
Latin “gignere”, “gignō” _ “to give birth”, “to beget”; “to create”, “to produce”, “to cause”:
Latin “ingenium” _ “innate or natural quality”; “nature”, “disposition”, “temper”;
“talent”; “genius”:
Sicilian“gnegnu” _ “talent”, “inventiveness”, “ingeniousness”.
Spanish “ingenio” _ “genius”; “mind”.
Portuguese “engenho” _ “ingenuity”; “astuteness”; “machine”; “sugar mill”.
Old French “engin” _ “intelligence”; “ruse”, “trickery”; “deception”; “invention”;
“creativity”, “ingenuity”; “machine”, “device”, “contraption”:
Norman “engîn” _ “engine”.
Scots “ingine” _ “mind”, “intelligence”; “ingenuity”.
Middle French “engin” _ “contraption”, “machine”; “war machine”; “tool”; “a thing”:
French “engin” _ “contraption”, “machine”; “war machine”; “tool”; “a thing”.
Anglo-Norman, in other words Anglo-French “engine” _ “contraption”, “machine”;
“war machine”; “tool”; “a thing”:
English “engine” _ “contraption”, “machine”; “war machine”; “driving force”; “engine”.
French “ingénier” _ “to strive”.
Late Latin “ingeniator” _ “inventor”; “engineer”:
Old French “engigneor” _ “engineer”:
French “ingénieur” _ “engineer”:
German “Ingenieur” _ “engineer”:
Russian “инжене́р” _ “engineer”:
Georgian barbarism “inJineri” (“inJineri”) _ “engineer”.
Middle English “engineour” _ “engineer”:
English “engineer” _ “engineer”.
Proto-Italic:
Latin “naevus” _ “birthmark”.
Latin “Gnaeus” _ a masculine Roman first name.
Proto-Italic “gnāskōr” _ “to give birth”, “to beget”:
Latin “gnāscor” anu “nāscor” _ “to be born”; “to arise”; “to proceed”; “to grow”.
Proto-Italic “genos” _ “lineage”, “origin”:
Latin “genus” _ “birth”, “origin”; “kind”, “type”, “class”; “species”; “group”, “set”; “gender”:
Italian “genere” _ “kind”, “type”, “class”; “species”; “gender”; “lineage”; “product”.
Spanish “género” _ “kind”, “type”, “class”; “species”; “shape”, “style”; “gender”, “sex”;
“cloth”, “material”.
Poruguese “gênero”, “género” _ “kind”, “type”, “class”; “species”; “gender”.
Romanian “gen” _ “gender”; “kind”, “type”; “family”, “genus”, “species”.
Irish “géineas” _ “genus”.
German “Genus” _ “gender”.
English “genus” _ “species”.
Middle French “générique” _ “species”:
English “generic” _ “comprehensive”; “vague”, “evasive”; “pertaining to genus”; “substitute”.
Middle French “gendre” _ “species”; “genre”, “type”, “style”;
“species”; “gender”; “something”, “thing”:
Middle English “gender” _ “gender”; “species”:
English “gender” _ “sex”.
Middle French “genre” _ “genre”; “genre”, “type”, “style”;
“species”; “gender”; “thing”, “something”:
French “genre” _ “species”; “genre”, “type”, “style”; “something”, “thing”:
Russian “жа́нр” _ “genre”:
Georgian barbarism “Janri” (“Janri”) _ “genre”.
English “genre” _ “genre”.
Latin “generare”, “generāre”, “generō” _ “to beget”, “to father”, “to procreate”; “to produce”;
“to spring or descend from”:
Italian “generare” _ “to beget”, “to father”, “to procreate”; “to generate”.
French “générer” _ “to beget”, “to father”, “to procreate”; “to generate”.
Spanish“generar” _ “to beget”, “to father”, “to procreate”; “to generate”.
Portuguese “gerar” _ “to beget”, “to father”, “to procreate”; “to generate”.
Romanian “genera” _ “to beget”, “to father”, “to procreate”; “to generate”.
Latin “generatus” _ “to beget”, “to father”, “to procreate”; “to generate”:
English “generate” _ “to beget”, “to father”, “to procreate”; “to generate”.
Latin “generator”, “generātor” _ “generator”:
English “generator” _ “generator”; “generator” machine.
Russian “генера́тор” _ “generator” machine:
Georgian barbarism “generatori” (“generatori”) _ “generator” machine.
Latin “generatio”, “generātiō” _ “generation”; “begetting”:
Italian “generazione” _ “generation”; “begetting”.
Catalan “generació” _ “generation”.
Maltese “ġenerazzjoni” _ “generation”.
Russian “генера́ция” _ “generation”:
Georgian arbarism “generacia” (“generacia”),
“generireba” (“generireba”) _ “generation”.
Old French “generacion” _ “procreation”; “birth”:
Anglo-Norman, in other words Anglo-French
“generacioun” _ “a generation”:
English “generation” _ “a generation”.
French “génération” _ “generation”; “a generation”.
English “generation” _ “generation”.
Portuguese “geração” _ “a generation”, “age”.
Romanian “generație” _ “a generation”, “age”; “life”.
Spanish “generación” _ “generation”.
Venetian “generassion” _ “generation”.
Turkish “jenerasyon” _ “generation”.
Latin “degener”, “dēgener” _ “low-born”, “of inferior stock”; “degenerate”:
Latin “degenerare”, “dēgenerāre”, “dēgenerō” _ “to degenerate”, “to deteriorate”:
Italian “degenerare”, “degenero” _ “to degenerate”, “to deteriorate”.
Spanish “degenerar”, “degenero” _ “to degenerate”, “to deteriorate”.
Portuguese “degenerar”, “degenero” _ “to degenerate”, “to deteriorate”.
French “dégénérer” _ “to degenerate”, “to deteriorate”.
Latin “degeneratus”, “dēgenerātus” _ “degenerated”, “deteriorated”:
Italian “degenerate” _ “degenerated”, “deteriorated”.
English “degenerate” _ “to degenerate”, “to deteriorate”; “deteriorate”.
Russian “дегенера́т” _ “deteriorate”:
Georgian barbarism “degenerati” (“degenerati”) _ “deteriorate”.
Latin “generalis”, “generālis” _ “general”, “unspecific”:
Middle French “general” _ “general”:
French “général” _ “general”; “a general”, “a military leader”:
German “General” _ “a general”, “a military leader”:
Russian “генера́л” _ “a general”, “a military leader”:
Georgian barbarism “generali” (“generali”) _
“a general”, “a military leader”.
Proto-Italic:
Latin “genius” _ (in idol-worshipping) “the deity or guardian spirit of a person, place, etc.”;
“the spirit of social enjoyment, fondness for good living, taste,
appetite, inclinations”; “genius”, “wit”, “talents”:
Italian “genio” _ “genius”; “evil spirit”, “genie”.
Spanish “genio” _ “temper”; “genius”.
Catalan “geni” _ “genie”; “genius”; “hot-tempered”.
Romanian “geniu” _ “genius”; “genie”.
Portuguese “génio” _ “genie”; “nature”, “characteristic”; “bravery”; “genius”.
French “genius” _ “genius”.
English “genius” _ “genius”.
German “Genius” _ “genius”:
Russian “гениус” _ “genius” (antiquated form, out of use):
Georgian barbarism “geniosi” (“geniosi”) _ “genius”.
German “Genie” _ “genius”:
Russian “ге́ний” _ “genius”; “genie”:
Georgian barbarism “genia” (“genia”) _ “genius”.
Polish “geniusz” _ “genius”:
Russian “гениуш” _ “genius” (antiquated form, out of use).
French “génie” _ “genie”; “genius”:
English “genie” _ “genie”.
Dutch “genie” _ “genius”.
Serbo-Croatian “ге̑нӣј”, “genij” _ “genius”.
Proto-Italic:
Latin “genimen” _ “fruit”, “product”; “brood”, “progeny”.
Latin “germen” _ “shoot”, “sprout”, “bud”; “germ”, “seed”, “origin”; “embryo”, “fetus”:
Italian “germe” _ “germ”; “seed”.
Spanish “germen” _ “germen”; “microbe”.
Portuguese “germe” _ “germ”; “bacteria”; “seed”.
Romanian “germen” _ “embryo”; “seed”, “germ”; “principle”, “element”, “component”.
French “germe” _ “germ”; “seed”; “bulb”.
English “germ” _ “seed”, “bud”, “spore”; “bacteria”; “embryo of a seed”.
English “germen” _ “seed”, “germ”.
Latin “germināre”, “germinō” _ “to sprout”; “to bud”; “to grow”:
Italian “germinare”, “germogliare” _ “to sprout”; “to bud”; “to grow”.
Spanish “germinar” _ “to sprout”; “to bud”; “to grow”.
Portuguese“germinar” _ “to sprout”; “to bud”; “to grow”.
Romanian “germinar” _ “to sprout”; “to bud”; “to grow”.
Galician “xerminar” _ “to sprout”; “to bud”; “to grow”.
French “germer” _ “to sprout”; “to bud”; “to grow”.
Latin “germinationem” (nominative “germinatio”) _
“sprouting”, “budding”, “growing”:
English “germination” _ “sprouting”, “budding”, “growing”:
English “germinate” _ “to sprout”; “to bud”; “to grow”.
Proto-Italic:
Latin “gens”, “gēns” (genitive “gentis”) _ “Roman clan, related by birth or marriage
and sharing a common name”; “tribe”; “people”, “family”; “the chief of Idols”:
Albanian “gjini” _ “sex”, “gender”.
Albanian “gjinde” _ “people”.
Aromanian “gintã”, “ghimtã” _ “people”; “nation”; “relative”, “kinsman”.
Asturian “xente” _ “people”.
Catalan “gent” _ “people”.
Dalmatian “ziant” _ “people”.
Old French “gent” _ “population”, “people”:
French “gens” _ “people”.
English “gens” _ “a tribal subgroup whose members are characterized by having the same
descent, usually along the male line”.
English “genticide” _ “the killing of a race or nation of people”.
Friulian “int” _ “people”.
Galician “xente” _ “people”.
Istroit “zento” _ “people”.
Italian “gente” _ “people”, “guys”.
Ladino “djente” (“ג׳ינטי”) _ “people”.
Neapolitan “gente” _ “people”, “guys”.
Occitan “gent” _ “people”.
Portuguese “gente” _ “people”; “nation”.
Romanian “gintă” _ “kindred”, “kind”, “tribe”; “race”; “origin”; “people”.
Sardinian barbarism “gente”, “genti”, “tzente”, “zente” _ “people”.
Sicilian “genti” _ “people”.
Spanish“gente” _ “people”.
Venetian “dente”, “xente”, “zente” _ “people”.
Walloon “djin” _ “human”, “man”.
Proto-Italic:
Latin “gnātus”, “gnatus”, “nātus”, “natus” _ “born”, “arisen”, “made”:
Italian “nato” _ “born”.
Catalan “nat” _ “born”.
French “né” _ “born”.
Istroit “nato” _ “born”.
Spanish “nada” _ “nothing”, “zero”, “zilch”; “anything”.
Spanish “nato” _ “born”.
Portuguese “nada” _ “nothing”.
Portuguese “nado”, “nato” _ “born”.
Sicilian “natu” _ “born”.
Romansch “nat” _ “born”.
Latin “nātūra”, “natura” (genitive “nātūrae”) _ “nature”; “birth”:
Italian “natura” _ “nature”.
Albanian “natyrë” _ “nature”.
Old French “nature” _ “nature”:
French “nature” _ “nature”.
English “nature” _ “nature”.
Ladino “natura” (“נאטורה”) _ “nature”.
Portuguese “natura” _ “nature”.
Romanian “natură” _ “nature”.
Russian “нату́ра” _ “nature”; “product”:
Georgian barbarism “naturi” (“naturi”) _ “natural”
(used only in Western Georgia).
Spanish “natura” _ “nature”.
Polish “natura” _ “nature”.
Latin “naturalis”, “nātūrālis” _ “natural”; “evident”:
Spanish “natural” _ “natural”.
Portuguese “natural” _ “natural”.
Old French “naturel” _ “natural”:
English “natural” _ “natural”.
French “naturaliste” _ “naturalist”:
English “naturalist” _ “naturalist”.
Russian “натурали́ст” _ “naturalist”:
Georgian barbarism “naturalisti” (“naturalisti”) _ “naturalist”.
Polish “naturalny” _ “natural”:
Russian “натура́льный” _ “natural”:
Georgian barbarism “naturaluri” (“naturaluri”) _ “natural”.
Latin “natio”, “nātiō” (accusative “nationem”, “nātiōnem”) _
“birth”; “nation”; “people”; “race”; “class”:
Italian “nazione” _ “nation”.
Spanish “nación” _ “nation”.
Catalan “nació” _ “nation”.
Portuguese “nação” _ “nation”.
Romanian “națiune” _ “nation”.
Maltese “nazzjon” _ “nation”.
Irish “náisiún” _ “nation”.
Old French “nation”, “nacion”, “nasion” _ “nation”:
Middle French “national” _ “national”:
English “national” _ “related or connected to a nation”.
Middle French “nation” _ “nation”:
French “nation” _ “nation”.
Middle English “nacion”, “nacioun” _ “nation”:
English “nation” _ “nation”.
Polish “nасjа” _ “nation”:
Russian “на́ция” _ “nation”:
Georgian barbarism “nacia” (“nacia”) _ “nation” (rarely used,
used only by career politicians); “nationality”, “ethnicity”.
Russian “национа́льный” _ “national”:
Georgian barbarism “nacionaluri” (“nacionaluri”) _
“national” (rarely used).
Latin “gnātus”, “gnatus”, “nātus”, “natus” _ “son”; “birth”; “age”; “growth”.
Proto-Italic “genatōr”:
Latin “genitor” _ “father”:
Italian “genitore” _ “parent”.
Sicilian “ginituri” _ “parent”.
Spanish“genitor” _ “parent”.
Portuguese “genitor” _ “parent”.
Friulian “genitôr” _ “parent”.
Romansch “genitur” _ “parent”.
French “géniteur” _ “parent”.
English “genitor” _ “parent”; “generator”, “creator”.
Old Armenian “tzawł” (“ծնաւղ”) anu “tznōł” (“ծնօղ”) _ “parents”; “cause”.
Old Armenian “tzin” (“ծին”) _ “birth”, “delivery”; “origin”, “source”, “rise”; “womb”, “uterus”;
“spot”, “sign”:
Armenian “tzin” (“ծին”) _ “birth”, “delivery”; “the time of giving birth”.
Old Armenian “tznanim” (“ծնանիմ”), “tznanel” (“ծնանել”) _
“to give birth”, “to beget”:
Armenian “tznel” (“ծնել”) _ “to give birth”, “to create”.
Proto-Celtic “gniyeti” _ “to make”; “to do”:
Old Irish “gníid” _ “to do”; “to work”.
Proto-Celtic “ganyetor” _ “to be born”:
Brythonic:
Welsh “geni” _ “to be born”.
Old Irish “gainithir” _ “to be born”:
Irish “gin” _ “birth”, “begetting”; “fetus”; “offspring”, “child”; “to give birth”,
“to beget”; “to germinate”, “to sprout”; “to procreate”; “to generate”, “to produce”;
“to create”, “to engender”; “to procreate”; “to breed”; “to generate” (in computing):
Scottish Gaelic “gin” _ “to beget”, “to produce”, “to father”:
Scottish Gaelic “ath-ghin” _ “to regenerate”; “to renovate”.
Old Irish “ro-genar” _ “I was born”.
Proto-Celtic “genaman” _ “birth”:
Old Irish “genemain” _ “birth”:
Irish “giniúint” _ “birth”; “embryo”; “fetus”; “child”, “offspring”.
Proto-Celtic “genos” _ “family”; “clan”, “tribe”:
Brythonic “gen” _ “birth”.
Old Breton “gen” _ “birth”.
Breton “genel” _ “birth”.
Old Welsh “Mor-gen”, “Mor-geni” _ “genie of the water” (“Mor” _
“sea” and “gen” _ “birth”, “geni” _ “creature”, “being”).
Proto-Celtic “enigenā” _ “daughter” (Proto-Indo-European “en-”, “hén-” _ “in-”, “within-”,
“inner-”, and “ǵenh-”, “gene-”, “gen(e)-” _ “to produce”, “to beget”, “to give birth” _ “birth”):
Primitive Irish “inigena” (“ᚔᚅᚔᚌᚓᚅᚐ”) _ “daughter”:
Old Irish “ingen” _ “daughter”:
Middle Irish “inghean” _ “daughter”:
Irish “inghean” _ “daughter”.
Irish “iníon” _ “daughter”; “girl”.
Manx “inneen” _ “daughter”.
Scottish Gaelic “inghean” (dated, out of use), “nighean” _ “daughter”.
Proto-Germanic “kinþiz” _ “race”, “kind”:
Old English “cynd” _ “birth”; “nature”; “race”, “descent”:
Middle English “kynde” _ “nature”, “kind”:
English “kind” _ “descent”; “type”.
Old Norse “kind” _ “descent”, “kind”; “being”:
Icelandic “kind” _ “descent”, “kind”; “sheep”; “girl”.
Proto-Germanic “kundaz” _ “born”:
Old English “-cund” _ “-kind”, “-like”:
Old English “godcund” _ “God-like”.
Old English “æþelcund” _ “aristocrat”, “high-born”, “nobleman”.
Old English “sāwolcund” _ “spiritual” (where “sāwol” is “soul”, “spirit”).
Gothic “-?????” (“-kunds”) _ “-born of”.
Proto-Germanic “kunją” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”:
Old English “cynn”:
Middle English “kin”, “kyn”, “ken”, “kun” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”:
English “kin” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Scots “kin” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Old Frisian “kenn”, “kin” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”:
North Frisian “kinne”, “kenne” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Old Saxon “cunni”, “kunni” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”:
Middle Low German “kunni” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Old Dutch “kunni” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”:
Dutch “kunne” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Old High German “kunni” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”:
German “Künne”, “Kunne” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Old Norse “kyn” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”:
Icelandic “kyn” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Faroese “kyn” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Norwegian “kjønn” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Danish “køn” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Old Swedish “kyn” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”:
Swedish “kön” _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Gothic “????” (“kuni”) _ “kin”, “family”, “clan”.
Finnish barbarism “kunnia” _ “honor”; “glory”; “privilege”; “credit”.
Proto-Germanic “kuningaz” _ “king” (where Proto-Germanic “kunją” is “kin”,
and Proto-Germanic “-ingaz” is “-ing”):
Old English “cyning”, “cyng” _ “king”:
Middle English “kyng”, “king” _ “king”:
English “king” _ “king”:
Tok Pisin “king” _ “king”:
Japanese “kingu” (“キング”) _ “king”.
Scots “king”.
Old Frisian “kining”, “kinig”, “kening”, “keneng”, “koning” _ “king”:
North Frisian “könning” _ “king”.
Saterland Frisian “Köönich” _ “king”.
West Frisian “kening” _ “king”.
Old Saxon “kuning” _ “king”:
Middle Low German “kȫnink” _ “king”:
Low German “Koning”, “Köning”, “koaning” _ “king”.
Plautdietsch “Kjennich” _ “king”.
Danish “konning” _ “king”.
West Frisian “keuning” _ “king”:
Latvian “ķēniņš” (dated, out of use) _ “king”.
Old Dutch “kuning”:
Middle Dutch “coninc”, “koninc” _ “king”:
Dutch “koning” _ “king”:
Afrikaans “koning” _ “king”.
Old High German “kuning”, “kunig” _ “king”:
Middle High German “künec”, “künic” _ “king”:
German “König” _ “king”:
Pennsylvania German “Keenich” _ “king”.
Luxembourgish “Kinnek” _ “king”.
Yiddish “קיניג” (“kinig”) _ “king”.
Old Norse “konungr”, “kongr” _ “king”:
Icelandic “konungur”, “kóngur” _ “king”.
Faroese “kongur”, “konungur” _ “king”.
Norn “konung” _ “king”.
Norwegian “konge” _ “king”.
Old Danish “kung”, “konung” _ “king”:
Danish “konge”, “kong” _ “king”.
Old Swedish “konunger”, “kununger”, “kunger” _ “king”:
Swedish “konung”, “kung” _ “king”.
Gutnish “kuningg”, “kungg” _ “king”.
Westrobothnian “kóng” _ “king”.
Elfdalian “kunungg” _ “king”.
Scanian “káng” _ “king”.
Lithuanian “kunigas”, “kuningas” _ “king”.
Finnic barbarism “kuningas” _ “king”:
Finnish “kuningas” _ “king”.
Estonian “kuningas” _ “king”.
Votic “kunikaz” _ “king”.
Veps “kunigaz” _ “king”.
Viro (Võro) “kuning” _ “king”.
Saami (Samic) Barbarism_ “king”:
Northern Sami “gonagas” _ “king”.
Lule Sami “gånågis” _ “king”.
Koltta (Skolt Sami) “koonǥõš” _ “king”.
Proto-Slavic “kъnędzь” _ “Prince”, “Lord”:
East Slavic:
Ukrainian “князь” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Belarusian “князь” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Russian “кня́зь” _ “Prince”, “Lord”:
Georgian barbarism “kniazi” (“kniazi”) _ “Prince”, “Lord” (antiquated, out of use).
Russian “княги́ня” _ “Princess”, “Lady”:
Georgian barbarism “kneina” (“kneina”) _ “Princess”, “Lady (antiquated, out of use);
“Dearie”, “Wifie”.
South Slavic:
Old Church Slavonic “кънѧзь” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Serbo-Croatian “кне̑з”/“knȇz”, “књаз”/“knjaz” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Bulgarian “княз” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Macedonian “кнез” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Slovenian “knẹ̑z” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
West Slavic:
Old Czech “kněz” _ “Prince”, “Lord”:
Czech“kněz” _ “priest” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Czech “kníže” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Slovak “kňaz” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Polish “ksiądz” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Kashubian “knądz” (moZvelebuli saxea), “ksądz”, “ksydz” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Polabian “ťėnąʒ” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Sorbian:
Lower Sorbian “kněz” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Upper Sorbian “knjez” _ “Prince”, “Lord”.
Proto-Germanic “kinþą”, “kindą” _ “child”, “offspring”:
Old Saxon “kind” _ “child”, “offspring”:
Middle Low German “kint” _ “child”, “offspring”:
German Low German “Kind” _ “child”, “offspring”.
Old Frisian “kind” _ “child”, “offspring”:
West Frisian “kyn” _ “child”, “offspring”.
Old Dutch “kint” _ “child”, “offspring”:
Middle Dutch “kint” _ “child”, “offspring”:
Middle Dutch “kindeken” _ “little child”.
Dutch “kind” _ “child”, “offspring”:
Afrikaans “kind” _ “child”, “offspring”.
Picard “kinken” _ “little child”:
French “quinquin” _ “little child”.
Old High German “kind” _ “child”, “offspring”:
Middle High German “kint” _ “child”, “offspring”:
German “Kind” _ “child”, “offspring”.
Luxembourgish “Kand” _ “child”, “offspring”.
Yiidish “קינד” (“kind”) _ “child”, “offspring”.
Gothic “????” (“kind”) _ “child”, “offspring”.
Balto-Slavic:
Baltic:
Lithuanian “žéntas” _ “son in law”.
Latvian “znuôts” _ “son in law”; “brother in law”.
Proto-Slavic “zętь” _ “siZe”:
East Slavic:
Ukrainian “зять” _ “son in law”.
Belarusian “зяць” _ “son in law”.
Russian “зя́ть” _ “son in law”.
South Slavic:
Old Church Slavonic “зѧть” _ “son in law”.
Serbo-Croatian “зет”/“zet” _ “son in law”.
Bulgarian“зет” _ “son in law”.
Macedonian “зет” _ “son in law”.
Slovenian “zȅt” _ “son in law”.
West Slavic:
Czech “zeť” _ “son in law”.
Slovak “zať” _ “son in law”.
Polish “zięć” _ “son in law”.
Balto-Slavic:
Baltic:
Lithuanian “gentis” _ “clan”, “tribe”; “species”, “kind”, “group”; “family”; “relative”.